잉냥이

Field Independence

: distinguish parts from a whole, to concentrate on something, or to analyze separate variables without the contamination of neighboring variables

: 'tunnel vision' (you see only the parts and not their relationship to the whole)

: affectively, FI tend to be generally more independent, competitive, and self-confident

Field dependence

: the whole picture, the larger view, the general configuration of a problem or idea or event

: FD persons tend to be more socialized, to derive their self-identify from persons around them, and are usually more empathic and perceptive of the feelings and thoughts of others

: both FI and FD are necessary for most of the cognitive and affective problems we face

: how does all this relate to second language learning?

① FI is closely related to classroom learning that involves analysis, attention to details, and mastering of exercise, drills, and other focused activites

: Abraham (1985), second language learners who were FI performed better in deductive lessons, while those with FD styles were more successful with inductive lesson designs

② FD style will, by virtue of its association with empathy, social outreach, and perception of other people, yield successful learning of the communicative aspects of a second language

Left-domain

: language, logic, reading

: prefer a deductive style of teaching

Right-domain

: emotion, space

: appeared to be more successful in an inductive classroom environment

: the left and right hemispheres operate together as a 'team'

: how left-and right-brain functioning differs from FI and FD

ambiguity tolerant

: relatively open-minded in accepting ideologies and events and facts that contradict their own reviews

: successful language learning necessitates tolerance of such ambiguities, at least for interim periods or stages

: too much tolerance of ambiguity can have a detrimental effect, 'wishy-washy'

ambiguity intolerance

: more closed-minded and dogmatic, tend to reject items that are contradictory or slightly incongruent with their existing system

: a certain intolerance at an optimal level enables one to guard against the wishy-washiness, to deal with the reality of the system that one has built

: intolerance can close the mind too soon, especially of ambiguity is perceived as a threat; too narrow to be creative

Visual learners

reading and studying charts, drawings, and other graphic information

Auditory learners

listening to lectures and audiotapes

Kinesthetic learners

demonstrations and physical activity

to become autonomous learners, and then to become aware of their styles, preferences, strength, and weakness, and finally to take appropriate action on their second language learning challenges

Autonomy

: encourage learners to 'take charge' of their own learning, and to chart their own 'pathways to success' (Brown, 1989)

: 'glocalization' of the concept of autonomy involves 'a critical awareness of... specific cultural backdrops and impacts' as teachers involve students in autonomous learning

Awareness

: demand on learners to become aware of their own processes of learning

: language programs are offering more occasions for learners to develop a metacognitive awareness of their ongoing

: Rosa and Leow (2004) found improved performance under conditions of awareness-raising

: some level of awareness are clearly warranted: the conscious application of appropriate strategies (not too much awareness, too much explicit focus on grammar, or too much devotion to rules)

Action

: once learners can become aware of their predispositions, their styles, and their strengths and weaknesses, they can then take appropriate action in the form of a plethora of strategies that are available to them

Skills

Strategies

: Skill is strategy that has become automatic

: Unconscious

e.g.,) word recognition, syntactic parsing, semantic proposition information

: First developed through active attention

-> repetition, practice -> becomes a skill

: specific 'attacks' that we make on a given problem, and that vary considerably within each individual

: specific actions, behaviors, steps or techniques

used by students to enhance learning

: conscious controlled process

: intentional, goal driven

: cognitive process that are open to conscious

reflection

: BUT for proficient language learners many skills

are employed unconsciously

: Applied in combinations (e.g., previewing, inferencing, skimming, scanning

Metacognitive

: in information-processing theory to indicate an 'executive' function, strategies that involve planning for learning, thinking about the learning process as it is taking place, monitoring of one's production or comprehension, and evaluating learning after an activity is completed

: knowledge and control that we have over our cognitive process (e.g., self-______)

Cognitive

more limited to specific learning tasks and involve more direct manipulation of the learning material itself

Socioaffective

have to do with social-mediating activity and interesting with others

avoidance strategies

syntactic, lexical, phonological, topic avoidance

compensatory strategies

: code-switching

: appeal to authority

: use of all-purpose words, nonlinguistic signals, time-gaining strategies